Block Diagram of Computer

A Block diagram of a computer displays a structural representation of a computer system. The block diagram gives you a quick overview of the working process of a computer from inputting the data to retrieving the desired results.



The following diagram represents a block diagram of the computer system:


Block Diagram of Computer

A computer system is a combination of three components:


• Input Unit
• CPU (Central Processing Unit)
• Output Unit


Input Unit

The Input Unit consists of input devices such as a mouse, keyboard, scanner, joystick, etc. These devices are used to input information or instruction into the computer system. Like other electronic machines, a computer takes inputs as raw data (binary data) and performs necessary processing giving out processed data. Therefore, the input unit is the medium of communication that takes data from us to the computer in an organized manner for processing.


The Input Unit performs the following major functions:


• The input unit converts the inputted data or instructions into binary form for further processing.
• Input Unit transmits the data to the main memory of the computer.

Central Processing Unit

CPU or Central Processing Unit is known as the brain of the computer system. It is an electronic hardware device that processes all the operations (e.g., arithmetic and logical operations) of the computer. In other words, all the major calculations, operations or comparisons are performed inside the CPU. It is also responsible for handling the operations of several other units.

CPU (Central Processing Unit) Structure Diagram


In the above diagram, the Control Unit (CU) and Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) are jointly called the Central Processing Unit (CPU).


Let's discuss all the parts displayed in the above diagram one by one:


Control Unit

As the name suggests, the control unit of a CPU controls all the activities and operations of the computer. It is also responsible for controlling input/output, memory, and other devices connected to the CPU.


The control unit acts like the supervisor which determines the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are executed. It retrieves instructions from memory, decodes the instructions, interprets the instructions and understands the sequence of tasks to be performed accordingly. It further transmits the instructions to the other parts of the computer system to execute them. In short, the control unit determines the sequence of operations to execute the given instructions.


Arithmetic & Logic Unit

The data inputted through input devices is stored in the primary storage unit. The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs arithmetic and logical operations.


The arithmetic unit controls simple operations such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication.


On the other side, the logical unit controls the logical operations such as AND, OR, Equal, greater than, and less than, etc. Apart from it, the logic unit also responsible for performing several other operations such as comparing, selecting, matching, and merging data.


The information or data is transmitted to ALU from the storage unit only when it is required. After completing the operations, the result is either returned to the storage unit for further processing or getting stored.


Memory Unit

Memory Unit is an essential part of the computer system which is used to store data and instructions before and after processing. The memory unit transmits the information to other units of the computer system when required.


There are two types of memory units:


Primary Memory

The primary memory cannot store a vast amount of data. The data stored in the primary memory is temporary. The data will be lost if they are disconnected from the power supply. The primary memory usually stores the input data and immediate calculation results. The primary memory is also known as the Main Memory or temporary memory. Random Access Memory (RAM) is an example of primary memory.


Secondary Memory

The use of primary memory is not possible to store data permanently for future access. Therefore, there are some other options to store the data permanently for future use, which is known as secondary memory or auxiliary storage or permanent storage. The data stored in the secondary memory is safe even when there is a power failure or no power supply. Hard Disk is usually considered a secondary memory.


Note: Primary memory is the only memory that is directly accessible to the CPU. Secondary memory is not directly accessible to the CPU. The data accessed from the secondary unit is first loaded into RAM and then further transferred to the Processing Unit. The use of different memory units depends entirely on the size of the data.


The Central Processing Unit performs the following major functions:


• The CPU controls all components, software and data processing of the computer system.
• The CPU takes data from input devices, executes the data, and sends output to the output devices.
• The CPU processes all the operations, including all the arithmetical and logical operations.

Output Unit

The output unit consists of devices that are used to display the results or output of processing. The output data is first stored in the memory and then displayed in human-readable form through output devices. Some of the widely used output devices are Monitor, Printer, and Projector.


The Output Unit performs the following major functions:


• The output unit accepts the data or information in binary form from the main memory of the computer system.
• The output unit converts the binary data into a human-readable form for better understanding.

Summary

• The set of data or instruction is entered through input devices in the form of raw data or binary data.
• The instruction is processed with the help of the central processing unit, the combination of a control unit and the arithmetic & logic unit.
• The computer system produces the output with the help of output devices, which converts retrieved binary data into human-readable form.
• Throughout the entire process, the data is stored in the memory unit, either primary or secondary, depending on the size of the data.

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Full Form of OK: What does OK stand for?

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    • We notice most people who use the word 'Ok' regularly. But, I can bet that most people do not know the full form of OK. Another question that most people think is the difference between 'OK' and 'Okay'. We all know what this word actually means – it’s a verbal thumbs-up to express agreement.


    In this article, we have explained the OK full form, its history, related forms, OK emoji, and more.

    What You Will Learn


    What is the full form of OK?

    OK stands for “Olla Kalla” or “Oll Korrect” which is a facetious misspelling of “all correct”. 
    The word ‘OK’ is basically used to denote acceptance, approval, agreement, and acknowledgment. Some other variations include “sounds good” and “that’s fine”, etc.

    Full Form of OK

    OK is also an abbreviation for the state of Oklahoma, U.S.

    Where does OK come from?

    The exact origin of OK is not clear, but the most popular theory states that OK was first written in the Boston Morning Post in March 1839 in reference to the Anti-Bell-Ringing Society passing through Boston on their way to New York. At that time, people started making fun of words and phrases and pronounced “oll correct” for “all correct”. Later, they shortened it to the initials ‘OK’.

    However, the term gained popularity in 1840 during Martin Van Buren’s presidential campaign. Van Buren was nicknamed “Old Kinderhook”, as his place of birth was in Kinderhook, New York. He used "Vote for OK" as his campaign slogan. Although he lost the election, OK remained popular and spread.

    What is the meaning of Okay?

    The term ‘Okay’ is nothing but a different form of ‘OK’. The word ‘Okay’ has the same meaning as ‘OK’. Both of these terms can express agreement, check for understanding, change the topic, and verify that things are all right.


    Other Forms of OK

    There are some other forms of 'OK' that most people like, such as:

    Forms Description
    O.K. Standard term like ‘OK’ signifying that you are involved in the conversation.
    Okkkkkk… When you are little happy with the decision and give your approval.
    KK Probably when you’re in a hurry.
    K Generally, the way of aggressively expressing your emotions in a way that conveys you will not tell the other person why you are no longer speaking to them.

    Apart from this, people also use OK emoji while chatting on messaging.

    Although people use these forms to their liking, the more correct form is ‘OK’ because it is actually abbreviated.

    OK Emoji

    When messaging or chatting on social media, people use 'OK emoji’ instead of typing ‘ok’. Almost all messaging platforms provide support for using OK emoji, even it comes preinstalled with many messaging applications or web platforms.


    A variety of emojis are used in chat. Some of the most common OK emoji are shown in the following image:

    OK Emoji

    Difference between OK and All right

    ‘OK’ is a synonym of ‘All right’ (sometimes referred to as alright, especially when speaking). The slight difference between ‘OK’ and ‘All right’ is that ‘All right’ seems more formal. This is because ‘All right’ is not considered as ‘slang’ like ‘OK’ is.

    How is OK used?

    The word 'OK' may be the most frequently spoken or typed word on the planet. It is a very common term used in the middle of a conversation when we agree with another.

    The following is a simple example of a conversation:

    Person 1: Hi
Person 2: Hello
Person 1: How are you?
Person 2: I am ok. What about you?
.
.
.
.
Chat continues…
Person 1: Now I have to go. I have some work pending on my office project.
Person 2: Ok
Chat end.
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    Conclusion

    Instead of just saying OK, one should try to answer using different words, so that it is more formal, polite, or precise.

    For example:
    Person 1: Can you go buy some fruit for me?
Person 2: Yeah, sure. I’d be glad to. (Not just, “OK”)
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    Full Form of OP: OP Meaning in PUBG

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    • When it comes to gaming, most people use the term 'OP' in their conversations. Currently, the term has gained popularity as it is one of the popular abbreviations that people are using during PUBG gameplay. But the question is "what is the full form of OP?"


    Let us discuss about OP full form and other related topics, such as when do people usually use it:

    What You Will Learn


    What is the full form of OP?

    OP is a short form of ‘Overpowered’. The term OP gets tossed quite a lot, usually in multiplayer modes in gaming platforms. The term is very popular and very common in the PUBG game; however, it is not a specific game phrase. It can be used with any other game or situation accordingly. The phrase OP is usually spelled to elevate the importance and beautifulness of someone or something.

    Full Form of OP in PUBG

    When do people use OP?

    It can be used in any game where players find anything that is not balanced with respect to the rest of the platform or game and is kind of too powerful for anyone using it. The term is used in reference to a game’s character, weapons, or playing tactics. 

    For example, there are guns like AWM and Groza in PUBG. These guns are too powerful and have a slight advantage from other others because of their insane base damage and rate of fire. Due to their advanced performance, one can simply call them 'OP Guns’. 

    In most cases, the term OP is commonly used when a player overpowers the enemy with ease. It is spelled in a very specific scenario like a player defeats everyone else with ease and re-balance the overall in-game condition. This can relate to the perfect-win and the toughest win. In such a scenario, people say 'OP’ or ‘OP Gameplay’ to appreciate the performance.


    Other Meanings of OP

    OP may have many other meanings depending on the region or category where the term OP is being used. Some popular full forms of OP in various categories are shown below:

    Term Meaning Field/ Category
    OP OPeration Medical
    OP Operations Military
    OP Out of Print Publication
    OP Office Products Business Products
    OP Open Platform Computer
    OP Original Post/ Poster Texting
    OP One Power Religion


    Other Popular Abbreviations in Gaming

    While OP is a popular abbreviation used in PUBG, it is also used in many other games. There are several other popular abbreviations commonly used in gaming, such as:

    Term Full Form
    GG Good Game
    WP Well Played
    GL Good Luck
    M8 Mate
    BRB Be Right Back
    LOL Laughing Out Loud
    IGN In-Game Name
    AFM Away from Mobile
    FTW For the Win
    FPP First-Person Perspective
    TPP Third Person Perspective
    FPS Frames Per Second

    Summary

    PUBG has made online gaming very popular. Due to online gaming, people connect with each other and use in-game abbreviations to look cool. Besides, using slang helps them communicate faster and make their gaming more powerful to defeat opponents.

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    Top 25 HTTP Interview Questions and Answers

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    • HTTP Interview Questions

    Mostly asked important HTTP Interview Questions are described below:

    Quick Links


    1) What is HTTP?

    HTTP stands for 'Hypertext Transfer Protocol'. HTTP is such a type of networking protocol that is used for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. It is known as the foundation of data communication for WWW (World Wide Web) which means that it transfers the data (such as images, audio, video, text, etc.) on WWW.  It helps in the transmission of hypertext from the client-end to the server-end.

    2) What are the HTTP Request Messages?

    HTTP requests are the messages generated by the client (a user) to initiate an action on the server.
    The request message consists of the following:


    I) Request Line – It starts with a method token followed by the Request URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), protocol version, and ending with <CR><LF> (a carriage return followed by a line feed). The elements are separated by using the SP characters. The syntax can be defined as:

    Request-Line = Method SP Request-URI SP HTTP-Version <CR><LF>
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    Note: The request line and headers must all end with <CR><LF>. The empty line must contain only <CR><LF> without whitespace.

    II) The Resource identified by a request

    III) Request Header Fields – These allow the client to process additional information to the server like the request and the client itself. These fields react as request modifiers, with semantics similar to the parameters on a programming language method invocation.

    3) What is mean by URI?

    URI stands for the 'Uniform Resource Identifier'. It is used to define the identity of something on the web. It can also be used to represent a piece of an URL.

    4) What are the request methods available in HTTP?

    Following are the request methods available in HTTP:

    GET- GET method requests a representation of the specified resource. It retrieves information from the origin server or a proxy caching server from specified URI.

    HEAD- HEAD method is almost similar to the GET method. Unlike the GET method, the HEAD method does not retrieve the response body. It only retrieves information written in response headers.

    POST- POST request transfers the data to the server. The data is included in the body of the request. It can create a new resource or update the existing one or both.

    PUT- PUT method uploads the entire representation of the specified resource. It replaces existing representations of the target resource with the uploaded content.

    DELETE- DELETE method deletes the specified resource. It removes all the existing representations of the target resource, provided by the URI.

    CONNECT- CONNECT method establishes a tunnel to the server, which is identified by the provided URI.

    TRACE- TRACE method performs a message loop-back test along the path to the target resource.

    OPTIONS- OPTION method describes the available communication options or HTTP methods that the server supports for the specified URL. It can also be used to check the functionality of a web server.

    PATCH- PATCH method is used to apply the partial modification.


    5) What are the safe methods?

    Some of the request methods are known as safe methods. For example- HEAD GET, OPTIONS, and TRACE. It is because they are only intended to retrieve the information from the server and do not change the state of the origin server.

    6) What do you understand by idempotent methods?

    The methods PUT and DELETE are known as idempotent methods. It is because multiple identical requests have the same effect as a single request. Other methods such as HEAD, GET, OPTIONS, and TRACE should also be idempotent as HTTP is a stateless protocol.

    7) What do you understand by an HTTP request and HTTP response?

    Whenever a user interacts with the web-based features of any browser, the HTTP request is generated by the browser. For example, assume that you click on any hyperlink. The browser will send a series of ‘HTTP GET’ requests to get the content from that specific hyperlink. It will try to get all the information required to render the page. These HTTP requests are transmitted to the origin server or a proxy caching server, and the server further generates an HTTP response. HTTP responses are answers to the HTTP requests made by the browser. An HTTP response can also inform a user if any error occurs while processing an HTTP request. 

    An HTTP response includes Status-Line, Response Header Fields or a series of HTTP headers, and a 3Message Body.

    8) How does a typical HTTP request and response request look?

    An HTTP request is a series of lines containing text data that follow the HTTP protocol. A general HTTP GET request might look like this:

    GET /welcome_user.txt HTTP/1.1
User-Agent: curl/7.63.0 libcurl/7.63.0 OpenSSL/1.1.l zlib/1.2.11
Host: www.example.com
Accept-Language: en
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    The HTTP GET requests are generated by the user's browser and sent across the internet.
    As soon as the origin server receives an HTTP request, it generates an HTTP response back to the user’s browser. A general HTTP response request might look like this:

    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 08 Jan 2020 12:14:39 GMT
Server: Apache
Last-Modified: Mon, 20 Jan 2020 11:17:01 GMT
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 13
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Content-Type: text/plain

Welcome, user!
    Scroll ⇀

    This is how an HTTP request and response request process work.

    9) Is HTTP secure? Also, give a reason?

    HTTP is not considered as a secure connection. It is because HTTP requests are sent to an origin server or proxy server in plain text, just the same whatever user has entered into the form or input field of the browser's web page. This can be risky in cases where a user enters sensitive data via a webpage or web application.  The sensitive data might include any password, debit-credit card details, or any other personal information.


    Therefore, if a website is using an HTTP, then anyone who is monitoring the session can read the text sent or received over HTTP.

    10) What do you understand by a Status Code?

    The HTTP status code is a standard response code that is issued by the server whenever a client generates a request to the server. In HTTP/1.0 or later, the starting line of the HTTP response is known as the status line. It includes a 3 digits numeric status code (e.g., “404”) and a textual reason phrase (such as “Not Found"). It is used to describe the reason why the web page or other resource could not be loaded properly. The first digit of the HTTP status code specifies one of the five standard classes of responses. The other two digits do not have any role in specification or categorization.

    There are usually two types of groups for HTTP status code error:
    • 4xx Client Error
    • 5xx Server Error

    11) Describe Persistent connections.

    In HTTP/0.99 and 1.0, the connection is terminated after a single request or response pair. In HTTP/1.1, a new mechanism was involved to keep it alive, where an existing connection could be used again for more than one request.

    12) Describe header fields present in HTTP.

    HTTP headers fields allow the client to process additional information to the server like the request and the client itself. These fields react as request modifiers, with semantics similar to the parameters on a programming language method invocation.

    Following are the header fields available in HTTP:

    General Header- applicable for both the request and response message.
    Request Header- contains information for the request message.
    Response Header- contains the response header information that is sent by the webserver.
    Entity Header- contains information about the body of the entity.

    13) What is HTTP cURL?

    HTTP cURL is a command-line tool. This tool is available on all major operating systems.

    14) Define 100 Continue response code in HTTP.

    It defines that the client should continue with the request. The interim response notifies the client that the request’s initial part is retrieved successfully.

    15) Define 200 OK response code in HTTP.

    It defines that the request was successful.

    16) Define 201 Created response code in HTTP.

    It defines that the request was successful and a resource was created. It also ensures the success of a PUT or POST request.

    17) Define 300 Multiple Choices responses code in HTTP.

    It defines that multiple options are available for the resource and the client may choose accordingly.


    18) Define 400 Bad Request response code in HTTP.

    It defines that the server could not understand the request or request was malformed. It generally happens with PUT and POST requests, when the data does not pass the validation or is in invalid syntax.

    19) Define the 401 Unauthorized response code in HTTP.

    It defines that a user has to perform the authentication before accessing the resource.

    20) Define 405 Method Not Allowed response code in HTTP.

    It defines that the applied HTTP method is not supported by this resource. For example, if a resource allows the GET method, a user cannot request the POST method to get this resource.

    21) Define the 408 Request Timeout response code in HTTP.

    It defines that the request has taken a longer time than the server was prepared to wait.

    22) Define the 409 Conflict response code in HTTP.

    It defines that there is a conflict in request. For example, a client uses PUT request to create the same resource twice.

    23) Define 500 Internal Server Error response code in HTTP.

    It defines that the server has encountered a situation, where failure occurs due to some unanticipated incident on the server-side.

    24) How will you explain secure HTTP?

    The HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is a secure version of HTTP. In this protocol, the transmission of data over the WWW is secured and encrypted. It also decrypts the HTTP page or page request that is retrieved by the web-server.

    25) Explain an HTTP session.

    An HTTP session is defined as the series of network-based request and response transactions. First, an HTTP client initiates a request which further forms a TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to a specific port on a host (in most cases, port 80). An HTTP server working for that specific port waits for a request message from the client-side. As soon as the server receives the message, the server responds back a status line (e.g., "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"), and a message of its own. In case of any error, the server sends an error message and other necessary information. The entire session is known as an HTTP session.


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